Detection of micro solder balls using active thermography and probabilistic neural network

Micro solder ball/bump has been widely used in electronic packaging. It has been challenging to inspect these structures as the solder balls/bumps are often embedded between the component and substrates, especially in flip-chip packaging. In this paper, a detection method for micro solder ball/bump based on the active thermography and the probabilistic neural network is investigated. A VH680 infrared imager is used to capture the thermal image of the test vehicle, SFA10 packages. The temperature curves are processed using moving average technique to remove the peak noise. And the principal component analysis (PCA) is adopted to reconstruct the thermal images. The missed solder balls can be recognized explicitly in the second principal component image. Probabilistic neural network (PNN) is then established to identify the defective bump intelligently. The hot spots corresponding to the solder balls are segmented from the PCA reconstructed image, and statistic parameters are calculated. To characterize the thermal properties of solder bump quantitatively, three representative features are selected and used as the input vector in PNN clustering. The results show that the actual outputs and the expected outputs are consistent in identification of the missed solder balls, and all the bumps were recognized accurately, which demonstrates the viability of the PNN in effective defect inspection in high-density microelectronic packaging.     

大气压氮氧等离子体射流灭活表面大肠杆菌及其发射光谱分析研究

研究了氮氧源大气压等离子体射流对表面大肠杆菌灭活作用,分析了氮氧源大气压等离子体射流的光谱性质。结果表明,在放电电压为6.8kV,气体流速为4L?min?1,处理3min时,氮氧比为1:4的大气压等离子体射流对大肠杆菌的灭活率达到98.4%,接近氧气源大气压等离子体射流灭菌效果。通过大气压等离子体射流发射光谱(OES)分析了氮氧源大气压等离子体射流中活性物质,进而解释大肠杆菌微生物灭活机理,认为NO?γ、OI、?OH等活性物质在表面大肠杆菌灭活过程中起到了重要作用。这将为大气压氮氧等离子体射流在环境卫生、微生物灭活等方面的应用研究提供实验基础和技术支持。     

Time stability of water activated by different on-liquid atmospheric pressure plasmas

Two atmospheric pressure micro-jets generated in helium or argon and an air micro-arc discharge were used to obtain plasma activated water. The new water properties depend on the plasma gas, treatment time and treated volume. The higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide is associated with the argon discharge while the higher concentration of nitrogen based species and the higher modifications of pH and of electrical conductivity are associated with the air discharge. The properties of the treated water (pH and electrical conductivity) and the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and of nitric acid show very small variations over three weeks after treatment.     

用于开口声辐射控制的虚拟声屏障实现 方法及机理研究*

建筑物通常留有开口以便人员物料的进出及室内的自然通风采光,但这些开口也是噪声传播的途径。传统被动噪声控制方法需要将开口封闭,且对低频噪声的控制效果不好,故引入有源噪声控制技术降低室内声源通过开口的声辐射。基于惠更斯原理,均布开口的次级源和误差传声器构成的平面型虚拟声屏障可以实现对开口声辐射的有效控制,数值仿真和实验已证明其有效性。将次级源安装在开口边界更有利于保留开口的功能且方便实际安装,但这样的单层边界虚拟声屏障降噪效果存在上限,仅能在低频段实现全局控制。和单层边界次级源相比,双层边界次级源可显著提高降噪量和有效降噪频率上限。该文回顾了开口声辐射有源控制的相关工作,并讨论了未来可能的研究方向。     

Mean first passage time of active Brownian particle in one dimension

We investigate the mean first passage time of an active Brownian particle in one dimension using numerical simulations. The activity in one dimension is modelled as a two state model; the particle moves with a constant propulsion strength but its orientation switches from one state to other as in a random telegraphic process. We study the influence of a finite resetting rate r on the mean first passage time to a fixed target of a single free active Brownian particle and map this result using an effective diffusion process. As in the case of a passive Brownian particle, we can find an optimal resetting rate r* for an active Brownian particle for which the target is found with the minimum average time. In the case of the presence of an external potential, we find good agreement between the theory and numerical simulations using an effective potential approach.     

撕裂模实时主动控制系统

在HL-2A装置上发展了一套撕裂模实时主动控制系统。该系统在放电期间用电子回旋发射/软X射线诊断实时确定撕裂模的几何位置,结合实时剖面重建和电子回旋波沉积计算,得到电子回旋波反射镜的控制角度值。通过电机实时驱动电子回旋波反射镜到达指定角度,使得电子回旋波功率沉积在撕裂模的有理磁面附近,改变当地局部的电流剖面,从而控制撕裂模,改善等离子体约束。该系统已经在2015年以后的实验中投入使用,并取得了良好的控制效果。它不仅能够实时发现并控制经典撕裂模,并且具有控制新经典撕裂模的潜力。     

激光主动干涉条纹间距识别光学目标口径

利用物理光学相关知识及Collins衍射积分公式和硬边光阑的复高斯函数分解法,推导得到目标处干涉图样条纹间距与光学目标反射光时间分布关系的解析表达式.从原理分析、仿真计算和实验研究等方面研究了干涉场的条纹间距、光学目标口径参数和反射光时间分布包络的峰峰数、峰峰间距和峰峰比之间定量关系.结果表明,当条纹间距的大小约为目标的口径尺寸时,反射光时间分布包络的峰峰数由单峰向多峰过渡,峰峰间距和峰峰比曲线会出现极大值,根据这一变化规律可以估测出光学目标的口径参数,其估测精度受条纹间距可调节范围的影响.     

Short Terahertz Pulse Generation from a Dispersion Compensated Modelocked Semiconductor Laser

Dispersion compensation is vital for the generation of ultrashort and single cycle pulses from modelocked lasers across the electromagnetic spectrum. It is typically based on addition of an extra dispersive element to the laser cavity that introduces a chromatic dispersion opposite to that of the gain medium. To date, however, no dispersion compensation schemes have been successfully applied to terahertz (THz) quantum cascade lasers for short and stable pulse generation in the THz range. In this work, a monolithic on‐chip compensation scheme is realized for a modelocked QCL, permitting THz pulses to be considerably shortened from 16ps to 4ps. This is based on the realization of a small coupled cavity resonator that acts as an ‘off resonance’ Gires‐Tournois interferometer (GTI), permitting large THz spectral bandwidths to be compensated. This novel application of a GTI opens up a direct and simple route to sub‐picosecond and single cycle pulses in the THz range from a compact semiconductor source.     

Spectrum efficient power allocation schemes for OFDM cognitive radio with statistical interference constraints

In this paper, we study the power allocation problem for an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based cognitive radio (CR) system. In a departure from the conventional power allocation schemes available in the literature for OFDM-based CR, we propose power allocation schemes that are augmented with spectral shaping. Active interference cancellation (AIC) is an effective spectral shaping technique for OFDM-based systems. Therefore, in particular, we propose AIC-based optimal and suboptimal power allocation schemes that aim to maximize the downlink transmission capacity of an OFDM-based CR system operating opportunistically within the licensed primary users (PUs) radio spectrum in an overlay approach. Since the CR transmitter may not have the perfect knowledge about the instantaneous channel quality between itself and the active PUs, the interference constraints imposed by each of the PUs are met in a statistical sense. We also study an optimal power allocation scheme that is augmented with raised cosine (RC) windowing-based spectral shaping. For a given power budget at the CR transmitter and the prescribed statistical interference constraints by the PUs, we demonstrate that although the on-the-run computational complexity of the proposed AIC-based optimal power allocation scheme is relatively higher, it may yield better transmission rate for the CR user compared to the RC windowing-based power allocation scheme. Further, the AIC-based suboptimal scheme has the least on-the-run computational complexity, and still may deliver performance that is comparable to that of the RC windowing-based power allocation scheme. The presented simulation results also show that both the AIC-based as well as the RC windowing-based power allocation schemes lead to significantly higher transmission rates for the CR user compared to the conventional (without any spectral shaping) optimal power allocation scheme.     

Nonlinear integral resonant controller for vibration reduction in nonlinear systems

A new nonlinear integral resonant controller (NIRC) is introduced in this paper to suppress vibration in nonlinear oscillatory smart structures. The NIRC consists of a first-order resonant integrator that provides additional damping in a closed-loop system response to reduce high-amplitude nonlinear vibration around the fundamental reso-nance frequency. The method of multiple scales is used to obtain an approximate solution for the closed-loop system. Then closed-loop system stability is investigated using the resulting modulation equation. Finally, the effects of different control system parameters are illustrated and an approximate solution response is verified via numerical simulation results. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed controller are presented and extensively discussed in the results. The controlled system via the NIRC shows no high-amplitude peaks in the neighboring frequencies of the resonant mode, unlike conventional second-order compensation methods. This makes the NIRC controlled system robust to excitation frequency variations.